Heating fluid at container bottom results in rising and swirling motion {convection, non-linear} {non-linear convection}.
warm
If hot fluid rises very slowly into cooler fluid, it can transfer heat by contact faster than by convection, and fluid at top becomes hotter and less dense, preventing hot fluid from rising. Density difference causes force, but force is not enough to overcome viscous force.
hot
If hot fluid rises smoothly into cooler fluid, heat transfers mostly by convection, cooler fluid sinks as hot fluid rises, and hot fluid cools when it reaches top, so smooth flow goes upward in center and downward at edges.
If hot fluid rises so quickly that it has lost little heat when it reaches cooler-fluid top, and it does not get as much heat from burner, it eventually slows flow rate {deterministic non-periodic flow}. Then system {Lorenz system} slows non-linearly. Non-linear behavior never repeats but is periodic around central points {Lorenz attractor} in multidimensional-variable space.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225